Alan Hubbard: The bitter Kerrigan/Harding rivalry was the biggest Winter Olympics scandal of them all

Alan HubbardWhatever else Sochi 2014 may have in store once the skiing, skating and sliding begin in earnest next month, the coming Winter Olypmics will be marked by two memorable  anniversaries - one distinctly happier than the other. The first will celebrate the 30 years since Jayne Torvill and Christoper Dean stunned Sarajevo with a scintillating gold-medal performance that was perfection personified.

Their Bolero engrossed the British nation, capturing one of the biggest-ever TV audiences for a sporting event, just short of 24 million. The watching world was equally mesmerised.

But a decade later T and D were to be rudely eclipsed in terms of global fascination by K and H.

Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding, United States team-mates and occasional room-mates, became names forever linked in one of the most darkly bizarre episodes in sporting history; certainly the biggest scandal the Winter Olympics has ever known.

The 20th anniversary of skating's most infamous soap opera actually hadits beginnings this month, for it was on January 6 1994 that popular brunette Kerrigan, America's skating sweetheart, was the victim of an attack designed to eliminate her from the upcoming Olympics in Lillehammer and thus heighten the gold medal prospects of her fiercest domestic rival, the blonde, hard-faced and ruthlessly ambitious Harding.

Tonya Harding and Nancy KerriganUS figure skaters Tonya Harding (left) and Nancy Kerrigan avoid each other at a training session in Hamar, Norway, during the Winter Olympics ©Getty Images




It was to transpire that Harding's ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, and her bodyguard, Shawn Eckhardt, had hired a hit man, one Shane Stant, to break Kerrigan's right leg so that she would be unable to skate. Stant followed her to Detroit where both she and Harding were due to compete in the US Championships, leapt from behind a curtain in the women's locker room and clubbed her on the thigh a few inches above the knee with a metal baton as she came off the ice after a practice session.

Kerrigan's father Daniel heard her agonised screams and picked her up, TV cameras capturing the moments after the attack as she repeatedly cried out in pain, "Why?, Why?"

Her leg was only badly bruised, not broken, but the injury forced her to withdraw from the national championship. Harding won that event, and they were both controversially selected for the US Olympic team.

Fast forward  to Lillehammer, a pleasant Norwegian village resort where, after seven weeks during  which a surreal story of jealousy, vengeance, deceit and the shocking revelation of a criminal conspiracy had disfigured the world of spins and sequins, the Games began.

Those of us gathered expectantly in the Hamar Olympic Ampitheatre, the venue for the figure skating finals, quickly realised we were to witness what was an Olympic version of Beauty and the Beast On Ice.

The pair had arrived at Lillehammer to find the eyes of the world's media on them.

Nancy KerriganNancy Kerrigan was under the media spotlight at the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics
©Getty Images


Hundreds of cameras and reporters crowded the practice rink as the two women were forced to rehearse together, because US officials refused to go against team protocol and let them train at different times.

To say the atmosphere between them was refrigerated is an understatement.

It was not much better in the Athletes' Village: "I felt people looking at me in the restaurant as though I had three heads. It was like, 'Oh, look, there's that girl that was attacked'," Kerrigan said recently.

It wasn't to be the happy ending for Kerrigan everyone had envisaged.

Though gracefully balletic and composed, her routine wasn't quite good enough to get more than the silver behind Ukrainian Oksana Baiul.

Lillehammer 1994 womens figure skating podiumUkrainian Oksana Baiul (centre), Nancy Kerrigan (left) from the United States and Chinese Chen Lu on the podium during the medals' ceremony of the women's figure skating competition at the 1994 Winter Olympic Games ©Getty Images



Inevitably cast as the "baddie", the robustly athletic Harding, all hustle and bustle, suffered a series of mishaps including a broken skate lace, finishing a tearful eighth. But hers were the only moist eyes in the house.

Despite winning the silver, Kerrigan was warned not to attend the Closing Ceremony as it was claimed she posed a security risk following death threats.

All of which resulted in the sixth-highest rated television show in US history.

Only the last episodes of  M*A*S*H,  Dallas' "Who  shot J.R.?", an episode of Roots and two Super Bowls had higher ratings.

Here was a sports blockbuster unlike any other, comparable only to the O.J. Simpson saga which came five months later.

Nearly half the US nation - 48.5 per cent of households -  had watched the women's short programme on February 23, an event that had occurred hours earlier. The huge audience tuned in even though most fans already knew the results from the radio or watching the TV news.

Tonya Harding 2Tonya Harding's Olympics ended in tears, as she finished eighth overall ©Getty Images


Throughout the investigation into the attempted kneecapping, Harding had claimed she had no knowledge about the hit, though Gillooly maintained she had agreed to it.

Gillooly accepted a plea bargain exchange for his testimony against Harding. But he, Stant, Eckhardt, and getaway car driver Derrick Smith all served time in prison for the attack.

Harding herself avoided further prosecution and a possible jail sentence by later pleading guilty to conspiring to hinder prosecution of the attackers. She received three years probation, 500 hours of community service, and a $160,000 (£97,000/€117,000 fine).

She was stripped of her national championship title, and banned from figure skating for life.

Subsequently she has endured 20-years of ignominy. Shortly after the Kerrigan incident, a tape was released called "Wedding Video," of herself and ex-husband Gillooly having sex.

Gillhooly had sold the tape to a tabloid TV show after being implicated as a conspirator in the Kerrigan attack. Stills from the tape were published by Penthouse in September 1994.

Harding has tried to make careers out of being an actress, singer (her group '"Golden Blades" was booed off the stage on their debut gig), racing driver and wrestler.

She also had three losing bouts as a boxer, the second of which on the undercard of a Mike Tyson fight in Memphis in 2003.

Tonya HardingFrom figure skating to boxing, Tonya Harding has tried her hand at a host of things
©Getty Images



There have been several more escapades with the law over the years, including an arrest in 2000 for domestic violence for punching and throwing a hubcap at former boyfriend Darren Silver, for which she served a brief jail sentence.

Now in their early 40s, both women are married with children and have moved on in predictably different ways.

Kerrigan lives in Boston with her three kids and her husband, agent Jerry Solomon. She has built a successful life of endorsements, corporate appearances and skating shows, and will be in Sochi as a skating analyst for NBC. Yet her own private life has not been without incident. In 2010 her father died after a fight with his son, and Nancy's brother, Mark.

Although the family stands by the theory that their 70-year-old father had a pre-existing heart condition that caused his death, Mark was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison for assault and battery and involuntary manslaughter.

Harding, who is married with a two-year-old-old son, lives in Oregon, where she joins her third husband Joseph Jens Price on his occasional woodworking jobs.

Of the 1994 affair she says: "It was 20 years ago and I don't remember lots and lots of it. I know it was a horrible time for everyone involved. It was a bad streak, going through all the crud, and I was able to rise above it. I think Nancy and I have good lives now."

But Harding's knowledge of Kerrigan's lifestyle is hardly based on a repaired relationship. They haven't spoken since. "No, never", Kerrigan says. "For what?"

Doubtless Sochi's s Iceberg Skating Palace will provide a hefty quota of drama ranging from the exciting to the esoteric but nothing, I suggest, will be as momentous as the diverse dramas of the anniversary double: The Beauty of the Bolero and the Battle of Wounded Knee.

Alan Hubbard is a sports columnist for the The Independent on Sunday, and a former sports editor of The Observer. He has covered a total of 16 Summer and Winter Games, 10 Commonwealth Games, several football World Cups and world title fights from Atlanta to Zaire.

Nick Butler: With a new coach and a new target 2014 offers an Indian summer for Federer and Bekele

Nick Butler
Nick Butler in the Olympic StadiumAlthough this pales in comparison with most of the insidethegames staff and readership it dawned on me this week that, with the 2010s having entered its fifth year, I am now enjoying my third generation of sporting stars.

First there came those hallowed figures who were already established by the time I took interest in the late 1990s. Next came those who I grew up with in the 2000s, before a new era of names gradually rose to the fore to dominate the podium positions of today.

While virtually all of the first group of names - Pete Sampras, Sir Steve Redgrave, Ian Thorpe, Michael Schumacher and Lance Armstrong - have long gone in a competitive sense even if they still make headlines in other ways, many of the second group have now moved on too.

Some have retired - Sir Chris Hoy, David Beckham and, at least for the time being, Michael Phelps - others have called time on international or Olympic duty - Thierry Henry, Jonny Wilkinson and Sir Ben Ainslie - while others like Asafa Powell have departed in disgrace.

Roger Federer and Kenenisa Bekele are two who are still around but, after a steady decline for each in recent years, they have now reached a crossroads where their careers will either peter out or be revitalised again for a glorious Indian summer in 2014.

If I was compiling a list of my all time favourite sports stars, and I am sad enough to occasionally do this, both men both would be very close if not at the top. Few others have provided the range of glorious highlights over the last decade in the way each done in a cascade of ferocious forehand winners and scintillating sprint finishes.

Roger Federer shot to attention in 2001 when, in what marked a changing of the guard, he knocked Pete Sampras out of Wimbledon ©Getty ImagesRoger Federer shot to attention in 2001 when, in what marked a changing of the guard, he knocked Pete Sampras out of Wimbledon ©Getty Images


Federer burst on to my radar in 2001 with his ousting of defending champion Sampras at Wimbledon - I was on the way to a primary school "nature quiz" competition if I recall correctly - although it was in 2003 he won his maiden SW19 title.

For the next four years he was virtually invincible as he won 11 out of 12 non-clay Grand Slams as the likes of Andy Roddick, Leyton Hewitt and Tim Henman were good enough only to bring a drop of sweat to the ice cool Swiss brow.

A credible opponent did gradually appear in the form of the hulking Majorcan matador Rafael Nadal, who beat Federer in three successive French Open finals even if he had markedly less success elsewhere.

"You should prefer Nadal because you are both left-handed," my tennis coach once told me using his own peculiar brand of logic. But I always supported Federer for the gracefulness, the brilliance and the sheer unflappability under pressure.

Even when Nadal finally got the better of him on grass he lost magnificently. As for many of my generation the Wimbledon final of 2008 was an event I feel privileged to have witnessed. Regarded as perhaps the greatest match of all time, Nadal was two sets up and simply too good before Federer fought back to take two tie breaks in a fashion which simply defied belief.

There was one match point, for example, where Nadal hit a strong first serve followed by a thunderous forehand approach only for Federer to rifle a backhand through the eye of a needle for a winner that was as gutsy as it was magnificent.

Nadal showed his own greatness by holding his nerve to win the deciding fifth set but if you are going to lose that is the way to do it. Four hours and 48 minutes of sheer sporting brilliance.

In recent years Federer has never dominated to the same degree and has had two other members of the "fab four" in Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray to contend with, as well as Nadal.

The 2012 Olympic title was of many to elude Roger Federer in recent years ©Getty ImagesThe 2012 Olympic title was of many to elude Roger Federer in recent years ©Getty Images

He has still won at various points however, to take his total Grand Slam tally to 17, and he has combined this perseverance with a scarcely believable ability to avoid injury.

But after a steady, barely noticeable decline, in 2013 this became a slump. No Grand Slams and, for the first time, dispatched well before the latter stages in several of them. He even seemed somehow less likable - his charm suddenly transcended to arrogance in the face of his three younger and even more gracious rivals.

In a competitive as well as in a chronological sense Bekele's career has followed a broadly similar pattern. After bursting on to the senior scene with the first of five consecutive long and short race World Cross Country doubles in 2002, the diminutive Ethiopian won the 10,000 metre title at the 2003 World Championships in Paris.

Here his dominance was so great that he was able to deliberately slow the pace down to allow Haile Gebrselassie to catch up and thus ensure, not just victory, but an Ethiopian clean sweep.

Although he was defeated over 5,000m at those Championships, as well as at the Athens Olympics the following year, where Hichm El Guerrouj got the better of him in the ultimate miler versus distance runner showdown, Bekele would go on an eight year unbeaten run at the longest track event in a streak that included four world and two Olympic titles.

Kenenisa Bekele proved the best of the dominant Ethiopians at the 2003 World Championships...the first of four straight 10000m victories ©Popperfoto/Getty ImagesKenenisa Bekele proved the best of the dominant Ethiopians at the 2003 World Championships, the first of four straight 10000m victories ©Popperfoto/Getty Images


Like Federer, 2004 and 2005 were his years of absolute dominance where he was breaking world records for fun as well as winning titles but, like Federer, he also continued to win even when those best years were behind him, and took the rarest of 5,000m and 10,000m doubles at Beijing 2008.

Like Federer, Bekele also turned to a fellow athlete for love. But while Federer eventually married Mirka Vavrinec, who he met when both were competing for Switzerland at the Sydney Olympics, Bekele's fiancé Alem Techale tragically collapsed and died in 2005 while the pair were together on a training run. Despite the grief he won the World Cross Championships just two months later and married film actress Danawit Gebregziabher in 2007.

At the 2007 Cross Country Championships in Mombasa, the searing Kenyan humidity forced Bekele to pull out and handed victory instead to a great rival, Eritrea's Zersenay Tadese. But the Ethiopian got the better of the Eritrean at the 2008 event in Edinburgh. Then at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin over 10,000m, Tadese's relentless pace in the latter half of the race was too much for everyone. Everyone that is, except Bekele, who hung on to him before kicking away with a sense of divine inevitability over the final lap.

It was those Championships in Berlin which also provided my favourite Bekele moment when he out-sprinted Kenyan turned United States rival Bernard Lagat in the home straight of an otherwise pedestrian 5,000m race which he simply had no right to win over the second fastest 1500m runner in history

Since then Bekele has struggled with injuries which have robbed him of both his consistency and finishing pace. But while Britain's Mo Farah has taken over the summit of the sport, he has yet to get anywhere near Bekele's best times and I would suggest that if both were at their best there would be Ethiopian rather than "Mobot" celebrations at the finish line.

When that clash of sorts did occur, albeit on the road, at last year's Great North Run, Bekele produced a tactical master-class to break clear and hold on for a brilliant victory.

I was at the World Triathlon Series Final in Hyde Park at the time and, in the press tent at least, no one was watching the triathlon but were engrossed by the small television screen showing these two great titans going head to head.

Kenenisa Bekele rolls back the years to beat Mo Farah at the Great North Run in 2013 ©AFP/Getty ImagesKenenisa Bekele rolls back the years to beat Mo Farah at the Great North Run in 2013 ©AFP/Getty Images


The New Year is a new start for both Bekele and Federer.

Bekele announced last week he will continue his transition to the road by taking on the Paris Marathon in April. In a competitive sense he hardly set the world on fire at the weekend with fifth place at the BUPA Great Edinburgh Cross Country, but with 200 kilometres per week of marathon training in his legs you cannot read too much into a result over a distance as short as four kilometres.

"Of course, if I train hard I will do a fast time", he said regarding the marathon this week. "The only thing is I have to prepare myself and train hard until I finish a marathon. I have to motivate myself to train hard to be ready to put myself in a good position. We will see in the end what the result will be."

Quiet confidence if ever I heard it.

Federer meanwhile has appointed a new co-coach in Sweden's former champion Stefan Edberg for the 2014 season. With his rivals as strong as ever the challenge for him appears harder still, but whenever he still has that drive and determination you would write him off at your peril.

His first test comes this week at the Australian Open in sweltering Melbourne. "Of course, we do believe we can knock them off, yes," he replied when asked if he felt he could get the better of the likes of Nadal and Djokovic once again.

Confidence from him as well then.

Both Federer and Bekele seem quietly confident that they can return to their best form this year ©Getty ImagesBoth Federer and Bekele seem hopeful that they can return to their best form this year
©Getty Images


So while sport has moved on since the halcyon days of the mid 2000s and a new generation has appeared there are two throwbacks who have as of yet refused to go away.

For each 2014 could bring despair, failure and even retirement. But it could, just perhaps, bring success in the shape of a marathon world record and an 18th Grand Slam.

Nick Butler is a reporter for insidethegames. To follow him on Twitter click here

David Owen: Is it time to designate permanent homes for the Olympics and FIFA World Cup?

Duncan Mackay
David OwenI was not altogether surprised on Friday to open my copy of The Guardian newspaper and find that the latest twists in the Qatar World Cup saga had combined with the approach of Sochi 2014 to provoke columnist Simon Jenkins into an elegant tirade.

These mega-events, Jenkins argued, "are about the crudest form of politics, that of national prestige.

"The athletico-military-industrial complex seems to have a mesmeric appeal to world leaders, an appeal expertly exploited by bodies like the [International Olympic Committee] and FIFA."

His proposed remedy for the undeniable extravagance of 21st-century Olympic/World Cup bidding battles and the events themselves?

"Hold these events each year in the same place."

This is very interesting, since this, of course, might easily have happened: the second Modern Olympics was ultimately held in Paris in 1900 after Baron Pierre de Coubertin rejected calls for the Games to be sited permanently in Greece.

Would this really have been a better idea?

It is hard to imagine the cradle of the Ancient Games could have coped with laying on a circus of the scale of the modern Olympics and Paralympics every four years, even without the bother, faced by contemporary host-cities, of building up infrastructure, sometimes from scratch.

Greece's economic problems illustrate the cost of hosting the Olympics it has been claimed by critics who say the country spent too much on Athens 2004 ©Sports Illustrated/Getty ImagesGreece's economic problems illustrate the cost of hosting the Olympics it has been claimed by critics who say the country spent too much on Athens 2004 ©Sports Illustrated/Getty Images

Jenkins himself writes that the "bankrupting of Athens [which again hosted the Games in 2004]...shows the horrific cost of these events to less than wealthy cities".

If not Greece, then could some other place have been transformed into a suitable permanent site?

Well, possibly, but as we know, human affairs are all too changeable; what might have appeared the right place in 1900 would almost certainly seem less than ideal a couple of decades later.

Say Coubertin and colleagues had identified Tsarist Moscow as the place in 1900, where would that have left them come 1917?

Of the Olympic sites I know, I would say that Berlin, with its functional infrastructure, oodles of space and quasi-indestructible Olympic Stadium would have had most going for it as a potential permanent home for the Games.

But for years such a notion would have been politically completely untenable.

How, in any case, would we choose sites to be the permanent home of the Olympics and World Cup from 2025 or so?

Presumably via bidding processes.

Critics of the current modus operandi would at least know that these would be the last bid battles for a long time, perhaps ever.

But, given the astonishing prize at stake, imagine how extravagant, ostentatious and ruthless these contests would be.

They would make what has gone before look like so many "Best-kept village" competitions.

There is another purely sporting problem associated with staging mega-events - in particular the World Cup - in the same place every four years: home advantage.

As we all know, playing at home constitutes a big advantage in team sports such as football.

It therefore follows that the team from whichever country was chosen as the permanent World Cup host would consistently outperform its international ranking.

Base the competition in one of the nations that have enjoyed the most success over the years - in Brazil, say, or Germany or Italy - and you may be certain that that host-country would lift the trophy far more often than any rival.

Would hosting mega-events like the Olympics and World Cup in one country all the time simply help nations like Italy be even more successful? ©AFP/Getty ImagesWould hosting mega-events like the Olympics and World Cup in one country all the time simply help nations like Italy be even more successful? ©AFP/Getty Images

UEFA boss Michel Platini's idea for Euro 2020 of staging the tournament in a variety of locations around the European continent offers an alternative model that could be said to promise the best of both worlds, since it incorporates an element of bidding while obviating the need for numerous new stadia that might become white elephants.

It is an ingenious blueprint for difficult times that warrants careful study, in my view, by administrators in other regions, notably Africa.

I strongly suspect though that it will dilute the excitement that still comes, even in an age when the vast majority of people witness the action on TV, from siting a tournament in one or two countries.

I also wonder about the administrative and logistical consequences of taking in so many national territories and legal systems.

My chief objection though to designating permanent homes for the world's main sporting mega-events is that it would amount to a cop-out.

Yes, there is all too much scope for corruption and incompetence to impair the present processes whereby the arenas for these great sporting dramas are selected and erected.

But when decision-makers are correctly motivated, and projects well-managed and thought-through so as to maximise common ground between the short-term needs of the competition and the long-term needs of the host territory, sporting mega-events can be powerful tools for reshaping and modernising urban environments to the benefit of millions.

London 2012 helped a massive regeneration of the East End of the city which had been neglected for decades ©Getty ImagesLondon 2012 helped a massive regeneration of the East End of the city which had been neglected for decades ©Getty Images

No, in an ideal world you should not need anything as frivolous as a sports competition to ensure that a much-needed urban transit system is built or an airport is upgraded.

And sports bodies do need to take more responsibility for vetoing proposals that risk channelling funds away from overstretched basic public services to vanity projects such as over-ornate sports arenas.

But when it comes to heading off the U-turns and prevarications that can all too easily bedevil even the worthiest long-term public works projects, an unmissable Olympic/World Cup deadline, reinforced by the intensity of the global media spotlight that comes with it, puts an exceptionally potent weapon in the hands of city planners.

Yes, the time-honoured system for strewing these great sporting festivals around the planet may at times seem messy, even indefensible.

For all its perils though, I tend to view the event bidding process in much the same way as Winston Churchill saw the West's preferred system of Government.

You know: "Democracy is the worst form of Government, except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."

David Owen worked for 20 years for the Financial Times in the United States, Canada, France and the UK. He ended his FT career as sports editor after the 2006 World Cup and is now freelancing, including covering the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the 2010 World Cup and London 2012. To follow him on Twitter click here

Mike Rowbottom: Sporting jinxes - well, they're good copy aren't they?

Mike Rowbottom
Mike RowbottomWhatever we don't know about the Sochi Winter Olympics, which are less than a month away, we know this: there will be a new champion in the women's downhill skiing.

Lindsey Vonn's intention to defend her title despite re-injuring in November the knee which had taken 10 months to heal after a serious fall last February was always likely to be a matter of hope rather than expectation.

When the 29-year-old American said this week on Facebook that she was "devastated" to announce she would not be able to compete in Sochi because of the damage sustained to her anterior cruciate knee ligament (ACL) it was hardly a surprise.

Lindsey Vonn, pictured at Val-d'Isère last year, has had to accept this week that her knee injury will preclude her from defending her Olympic downhill title in Sochi next month ©Getty ImagesLindsey Vonn, pictured at Val-d'Isère last year, has had to accept this week that her knee injury will preclude her from defending her Olympic downhill title in Sochi next month ©Getty Images

It is harsh for Vonn. But at least she has had the opportunity not just to compete at the Olympics, but to win a gold medal. No one can take that away from her.

The circumstances are harsher still for another sportsman who fell victim to the same ACL injury at the weekend - Theo Walcott. When Arsenal's winger-cum-centre-forward injured his knee two minutes from the end of his side's 2-0 win over Spurs in the FA Cup third round he made a defiant and smiling exit as he was wheeled away sitting on a mobile stretcher.

But the news that he had ruptured his ACL in tackling Tottenham's full back Danny Rose deep in the Arsenal half - why do forwards do these things? They never turn out well... - meant that he will not be available for England's World Cup squad in Brazil this summer.

There was a wounding irony to this, given that Walcott was controversially - and misguidedly - called up as a 17-year-old for the 2006 World Cup squad by then England manager Sven Göran Eriksson. At the time it seemed, astonishingly, as if this talented young player was set for a long career of World Cup finals involvement.

Hello trainer, bye bye World Cup finals - Theo Walcott calls for attention after injuring his knee in Saturday's FA Cup third round tie against Spurs ©Getty ImagesHello trainer, bye bye World Cup finals - Theo Walcott calls for attention after injuring his knee in Saturday's FA Cup third round tie against Spurs ©Getty Images

As things turned out, however, he was no more than a tourist in Germany as his teammates reached - of course - the quarterfinals, and at the World Cup finals four years later he didn't make the squad. Now the prodigious young World Cup squad member will have to wait until he is at least 29 to have a chance of actually playing in the finals. He might still. But he might not.

Walcott's unhappy turn of events has prompted some media outlets to talk about his "World Cup jinx." That may seem over-dramatic to some, but the fact is that there have been, and will be, sportsmen and women who, despite blindingly obvious talent and capability, never manage to achieve at certain towering sporting events.

For Walcott, the World Cup finals are the elusive goal. Should he fail to make the trip to Russia with England four years from now it would be, sadly, another good story for the media.

Over the years, the jinx story has exerted a profound power to interest and divert the sportsviewing public. When Ken Rosewall reached the Wimbledon final in 1974 at the age of 39 he was still seeking the victory which would have completed his grand slam set. After three final defeats in SW19 he faced a brash young American 21 years his junior in Jimmy Connors. The crowd were willing him to earn the title he had sought for so long. (And so, watching on the television, was my Mum.) He lost in straight sets. Rosewall's name fitted into the US Open, the Australian Open and the French Open - but he and the Wimbledon trophy were destined never to get together.

Ken Rosewall takes a break and a drink during his three-sets defeat in the 1974 Wimbledon final to 18-year-old Jimmy Connors, pictured behind him ©Getty ImagesKen Rosewall takes a break and a drink during his three-sets defeat in the 1974 Wimbledon final to 18-year-old Jimmy Connors, pictured behind him ©Getty Images

Rosewall's compatriot and near contemporary Ron Clarke was similarly fated in terms of the Olympics. Despite being the pre-eminent middle and long distance runner of his generation, and setting 17 world records in a career which spanned the 1960s, he never won an Olympic title, having to settle for a bronze at Tokyo 1964 in the 10,000m. Indeed, the jinx extended to any kind of gold medal - he won silver at three successive Commonwealth Games.

A young Ron Clarke lights the Olympic Cauldron at his home Games of 1956 in Melbourne - but he would never win an Olympic title despite his superb abilities ©Getty ImagesA young Ron Clarke lights the Olympic Cauldron at his home Games of 1956 in Melbourne - but he would never win an Olympic title despite his superb abilities ©Getty Images

The career of Paula Radcliffe, Britain's world record holder at the marathon, had strong parallels with that of Clarke. She was also the pre-eminent performer in her field for several years, but a combination of untimely illnesses and injuries meant she never won an Olympic medal either on the track or the road. She finished fifth in the Atlanta 1996 5,000m, then fourth in the Sydney 2000 10,000m, then dropped out of both the marathon and the 10,000m in Athens four years later before finishing 23rd in the Beijing 2008 Games marathon. Four years further on she was not fit enough to take up her place in the London 2012 Games...

Britain's world marathon record holder Paula Radcliffe finds the going tough during the 2008 Beijing Games marathon, in which she finished 23rd. She has never won an Olympic medal ©Getty ImagesBritain's world marathon record holder Paula Radcliffe finds the going tough during the 2008 Beijing Games marathon, in which she finished 23rd. She has never won an Olympic medal ©Getty Images


It happens to teams as well as individuals, of course. Hungary, for instance, were the outstanding team in world football in the early 1950s. Between May 14, 1950 and February 19, 1956 they lost just one match - the 1954 World Cup final against a West German team they had beaten 8-3 in the qualifying stages.

Is it a better story if the jinx continues to the bitter end - or if it is finally broken? Arguable. Personally I like the latter scenario, and in 1998, at the Nagano Winter Olympics, I was fortunate enough to watch a spectacular unjinxing - if that is a word, and if it isn't you know what I mean.

Four years earlier at the 1994 Winter Games in Lillehammer, Japan were on the brink of winning the team gold in the large hill (120m) ski jump event, with Masahiko Harada, who had managed 122m with his first effort, requiring to reach around 110m in what was the final jump of the competition to confirm victory. He could only manage 97.5m, the worst jump of the final, and Germany stole the title.

Harada, always known for his cheerful demeanour, commented after his Lillehammer letdown: "In the past, a well-raised Japanese would have to commit hari-kari after such a mistake."

Four years later, in front of home crowds packed onto the snow-stoked slopes of the northern Japanese Alps, Harada faltered once again with victory in his sights, dropping from first to fifth after his second effort in the normal hill individual event. Although he earned bronze in the individual event on the big hill, his moment of truth arrived in the large hill team event once again - an event before which the head delegate of the Japanese team had proclaimed: "We will win. We must win."

When Harada could only manage 79.5m on his first jump, that prediction was looking doomed. But his second effort was an epiphany - 137m, effectively assuring the home nation of the gold they had so feverishly desired.

Masahiko Harada (second right) celebrates victory in the 1998 Olympic team ski jump competition ©Getty ImagesMasahiko Harada (second right) celebrates victory in the 1998 Olympic team ski jump competition ©Getty Images

The 2018 World Cup final. Russia, the hosts, against England, winners of the trophy in 1966. Five minutes from time, 52 years of hurt are ended when the decisive goal comes from England's veteran international winger - Theo Walcott. Sorry. I'm getting a bit ahead of myself...

Mike Rowbottom, one of Britain's most talented sportswriters, covered the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics as chief feature writer for insidethegames, having covered the previous five summer Games, and four winter Games, for The Independent. He has worked for the Daily Mail, The Times, The Observer, The Sunday Correspondent and The Guardian. His latest book Foul Play – the Dark Arts of Cheating in Sport (Bloomsbury £12.99) is available at the insidethegames.biz shop.

Alan Hubbard: I never cease to be mind-boggled at the excessive appliance of science in sport today

Emily Goddard
Alan HubbardGeoffrey Boycott may be a curmudgeonly ex-cricketer of the old school but no-one could have put it better after the current England team led by that terribly nice Alistair Cook emerged from the whitewash shambles of the Ashes series with more than just their tail-end between their legs.

He reckons England psyched themselves out of it by relying on a posse of back-slappers and mind-benders - a view I heartily endorse. In the final inning of the last Test they performed like a bunch who had spent more time being analysed on the psychologist's couch than practising in the nets.

Writing in the Daily Telegraph Boycs declared: "Over recent years England have employed more backroom staff believing it makes them more professional. In fact, they have over-complicated professionalism. We have coaches for everything. Psychologists, team analysts and an 82-page diet book that made us a laughing stock.

"It is time they got into the real world and stopped wasting money on frivolous luxuries that do not make any difference when Mitchell Johnson is whistling it around your ear hole. The players have stopped thinking for themselves.

"In my day when we had a problem, either with batting or bowling, we used to talk it over with our colleagues in the team and worked things out together. It built team morale. It engaged everyone in the dressing room. Now we have robots waiting for a coach and an analyst with a laptop to tell them what they are doing wrong.

"Well, I can tell our batsmen what they did wrong. They forgot the principles of Test match batting. They batted like one-day clowns."

Geoffrey Boycott reckons England psyched themselves out of the Ashes by relying on a posse of back-slappers and mind-benders ©Getty ImagesGeoffrey Boycott reckons England psyched themselves out of the Ashes by relying on a posse of back-slappers and mind-benders ©Getty Images


And he had this to say about the disappointing performances of the bowlers, notably lanky paceman Steve Finn: "Somebody on the coaching staff has to put their hand up and say we have messed him up. I would stop concentrating on the technical tinkering and filling his head with rubbish, and tell him to go out and bowl quick."

I gather that on several occasions during the 5-0 drubbing England's bemused players were comforted and counselled by a "stress physiologist". Whatever advice they were given, it clearly didn't work.

Neither did such counselling prevent batsman Jonathan Trott electing to return home early, apparently unable to cope with the tour's mental pressures.

You can bet Tasmanian devil to a case of Fosters that the Aussies did not let a psychologist anywhere near their locker room.

Indeed, cricket legends from Bradman to Botham, via Boycott himself, would have scoffed at the idea of a brainwashing session to help revive or improve their game.

Nor would other sporting giants of the past and, I suspect, the vast majority of the present.

Great Olympians - among them Seb Coe, Daley Thompson, Carl Lewis, Mark Spitz, Ian Thorpe and Steve Redgrave - never mentioned the need for one and has anyone heard Mo Farah or even Usain Bolt pay homage to sports psychology, which hadn't even been invented when the likes of Jesse Owens struck gold.

I don't recall Muhammad Ali resorting to a shrink before winning either his Olympic or world titles (he was his own inimitable Svengali), though I know of one of his British opponents, Richard Dunn, who did. He was KO'd in five rounds.

I don't recall Muhammad Ali resorting to a shrink before winning either his Olympic or world titles ©Getty ImagesI don't recall Muhammad Ali resorting to a shrink before winning either his Olympic or world titles ©Getty Images


Frank Bruno also sought a similar mental prop before his second fight with Mike Tyson by being hypnotised. He ended up being mesmerised - then pulverised.

Golfing heroes Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer and Gary Player managed to win a multitude of majors without revealing their innermost fears to sport's Samaritans yet can it be coincidence that Tiger Woods hasn't got near one since having been forced to undergo endless sessions of psychological rehab.

The sadly late, great Eusébio, with Pelé and George Best one of the three most enthralling footballers I have been privileged to watch, never needed anyone other than his team manager blowing in his ear.

Neither did Bobby Moore and the England team of World Cup winners in 1966. Throughout that tournament, unlike the self-serving barmy army of support staff apparently needed to fortify England's cricketers, Sir Alf Ramsey had only two aides; his assistant coaches Harold Shepherdson and Les Cocker, plus a part-time team doctor.

Had the FA offered the use of a "stress physiologist" his response would have been of two words, the second of which is "off!"

John McEnroe, to anyone's knowledge, was not a recipient of psychology though some tennis umpires may have wanted to recommended psychiatric treatment.

I lost faith in sports psychology back in 1992 at the Albertville Winter Olympics. Team GB's four-man bob, led by Mark Tout, were sensationally in pole position overnight. A terrific story.

Yet British Olympic Association (BOA) officials declined all requests for an interview with them, saying that the team psychologist insisted they were locked in a session with him to mentally attune them for the next day's final run. They finished sixth.

I can't imagine that, like Sir Alf Ramsey, Sir Alex Ferguson had much time for other than his own brand of hair-dryer psychology.

But among modern football bosses, West Ham's Sam Allardyce is said to be a devotee of intense psychological preparation and performance analysis.

Sam Allardyce is said to be a devotee of intense psychological preparation and performance analysis ©Getty ImagesSam Allardyce is said to be a devotee of intense psychological preparation and performance analysis ©Getty Images


So where are the Hammers now? Second from bottom of the Premier League and in danger of bringing lower-division football to the Olympic Stadium when their new home is ready in 2016.

As someone brought up in an era when the stopwatch and sponge were the only accoutrements necessary to assist the development of natural talent, I never cease to be mind-boggled at the excessive appliance of science in sport today.

Agreed, some of it is beneficial. But I fear we are witnessing the beautiful simplicity of sport being drowned in a tsunami of hi-technology and psycho-analysis.

It seems to have become a matter of shrink or swim.

Recently I attended a session conducted by Lottery-funders UK Sport and the English Institute of Sport both, worthy bodies which unquestionably have benefitted elite sport through cash infusion and technical expertise.

But I left concerned that sport is in serious danger of being enveloped by in techno-jargon and confused by the zeal of well-intentioned boffins.

Phrases like "Mission Strategy Analysis Function" to assist "research and motivation" and "the establishment of project para impact groups and performance solutions teams", are now lodged in the lexicon of essential requirements for mining more gold at Rio 2016 than was unearthed in London.

Such sports-speak has become a language that is foreign to the icons of yesteryear.

Now we are the age of charts, graphs, and mumbo-jumbo with the liberal employment of a burgeoning breed of mind jockeys who seem to have created a profession out of the bleedin' obvious.

Greats sporting figures know they do not need help to play mind games when they are good enough at real games.

Surely what is needed to bring out the best in talented sportsmen and women is commonsense technical and motivational coaching plus efficient medical back-up; not an overdose of psychological claptrap.

Ask Geoffrey Boycott. Or better still, Alastair Cook.

Alan Hubbard is a sports columnist for The Independent on Sunday, and a former sports editor of The Observer. He has covered a total of 16 Summer and Winter Games, 10 Commonwealth Games, several football World Cups and world title fights from Atlanta to Zaire.

Nick Butler: What is the attraction of sport today?

Nick Butler
Nick Butler in the Olympic StadiumI had cause to contemplate exactly why we do sport last week as I struggled through what can only be described as a horrific training run.

Terribly out of shape and feeling weaker still due to an unrelenting diet of Christmas leftovers, not to mention the challenges of wind, rain and the type of merciless inclines that relocating to Milton Keynes leaves you woefully underprepared for, I failed miserably at keeping pace with my infinitely more talented, motivated and deserving club-mates.

And that was just on the warm-up jog.

As the session continued I deteriorated further still and the aim swiftly became simply completing the course rather than doing it with any semblance of speed, style or dignity.

But in a paradoxical way, the worse I felt the more satisfaction I was gaining.

Why do so many of us relish putting ourselves through this sort of unpleasantness? Not just occasionally, like I now do, but day after day regardless of weather, enthusiasm or other distractions?

For me it is about trying to improve my own mediocre standard, justifying the other excesses of life, keeping up with the friends I have made through athletics, and to distract myself from other stresses and strains.

I vividly remember the shout of a university coach during a particularly gruelling, no doubt-hungover, Saturday morning run.

"It's only pain you're feeling, f****** physical pain," he yelled. "That's all you've got to worry about."

Poetic it may not be but there is something peculiarly true to this. Sport has a unique ability to make life seem very simple and to make life, for a short-time only, a battle only to break the barriers of lactic acid.

There is something satisfyingly simple, if horrible, about completing a training run ©Denver Post/Getty ImagesThere is something satisfyingly simple, if horrible, about completing a training run ©Denver Post/Getty Images

Unfortunately, however, this is less the case at a professional level, where physical and mental hurdles are but one part of an altogether greater challenge.

Top-level sport these days is a way of life: a brand, a business, an opportunity to make money, headlines and duly raise the profile of individuals, companies, and whole countries. At major events all too often sporting challenges fade into the background in comparison with wider issues.

Take the two foremost events of 2014 for example. The FIFA World Cup so far has been dogged by issues of faltering construction, disorganisation and popular protest, while the Winter Olympics and Paralympics in Sochi have been clouded by supposed human rights violations, spiralling costs and security concerns.

Scoring goals and reaching the bottom of the course first has been reduced to a mere footnote.

Over the last year, the dual concerns of doping and corruption in sport have reared their ugly heads time and time again. This reached the level where during the Tour de France, vast swathes of the cycling world revelled in the rare instances of failure by Team Sky but, when they did well, refused to praise and made assumptions and accusations of doping.

When sport does boil down to the athletes themselves, difficulties can also exist. England's Ashes debacle has now ended with the expected 5-0 demolition as depression, premature retirement and a remarkable loss of confidence has eroded once formidable cricketing powers. And in football, Arsenal's Theo Walcott was pelted with coins while receiving injury treatment by visiting fans only to be castigated for a harmless, if ill-advised, gesture to remind the Tottenham contingent of the 2-0 score-line.

In an insidethegames blog last month, my colleague Mike Rowbottom wrote beautifully about "getting back to basics" and enjoying "small scale sport" as an alternative to the problems of the professional world. But in a week where my local football team Forest Green Rovers has spent a reported fortune to purchase a player - Lee Hughes - who achieved infamy and three years behind bars for death by dangerous driving, even this is questionable.

The death of an all time football great in the Mozambique born Portuguese star Eusébio yesterday created a parallel between today's sporting world and the more simple, less professional style of the past. 

Eusébio on target against eventual winners England in the semi-final of the 1966 World Cup...he was the tournaments leading goal scorer ©Hulton Archive/Getty ImagesEusébio on target against eventual winners England in the semi-final of the 1966 World Cup...he was the tournaments leading goal scorer ©Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Surely one of the greatest ever sportsman to be born in Africa, Eusébio famously applauded Manchester United's Alex Stepney after the goalkeeper made a vital save to bring about Benfica's defeat in the 1968 European Cup final. For Eusébio, sport was about being the best you could be while honouring integrity and fair play, and not worrying about too much else.

We must look at professional sport today to find areas where these values remain.

We in Britain can celebrate the many great successes of the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics, now almost two years ago remarkably, while the last year brought glorious success for tennis player Andy Murray, as well as for two other great African born sportsmen in Chris Froome and Mo Farah.

Even a partisan Englishman must grudgingly accept the way Australia's cricketers have been so conclusively transformed from a bunch of also-rans into a formidably effective unit.

Many factors contributed to all these successes but most important was an unscrupulous attention to detail and sheer hard work. The simple yet formidable challenge of "f****** physical pain".

We must hope that in 2014, the year of sport will be remembered most for events on rather than off the field of play. There are opportunities for new heroes to be born, and for established ones to cement their legend, while the Winter Olympics in particular offers excitement of a different kind to the summer variety.

A brief watch of the women's snowboard cross final at Turin 2006, with the brilliant commentary of the BBC's Ed Leigh, is all that we need to remember this.

"Ohhhh, drama! Jacobellis is down, oh look at her, this... incredible, FRIEDEN! FRIEDEN!"

That is the sort of high that can only be found in sport.

Lindsey Jacobellis crashes out in the thrilling first ever women's snowboard cross Olympic final ©Getty ImagesLindsey Jacobellis crashes out in the thrilling first ever women's snowboard cross Olympic final ©Getty Images

The Tour de France starting in Yorkshire, the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, the Youth Olympics in Nanjing, and, at the end of the year, the Asian Games in Incheon are other top events to look forward to. We can also enjoy, for yet another year, the battle between four of the greatest male tennis players in history which will commence in a matter of days at Melbourne's Australian Open.

Sport then can produce many emotions, and a huge variety of subplots and intrigue. But at all levels sport offers, at its best, an unrivalled sense of excitement and satisfaction: for the lowly runner ploughing his way hopelessly up a hill to the top players in the world battling it out on Centre Court, up Mont Ventoux or on the slopes of Sochi.

Like other walks of life, the sporting world of today is not a perfect one, and is certainly not always glamorous and exciting.

But it sure can be and, if one thing is certain, 2014 will bring more highs and lows and plenty in between in what is set to be another great sporting year.

Nick Butler is a reporter for insidethegames. To follow him on Twitter click here

David Owen: The Olympics and adventure sports - some thoughts from the Deep South

Emily Goddard
David OwenI am currently in New Zealand, a country anticipating the restoration of rugby to the Olympic programme at Rio 2016 like few others.

It is a nation with sport in its soul, as illustrated by two old photographs stumbled upon in unexpected places.

The first at a wharf at Okarito, a wetland where a blue whale was once washed up, depicted a rudimentary local pole-vault competition from long ago; the second in a bar at Milford Sound showed workers on the Homer Tunnel, in a spot so exposed that snow-patches linger in the Southern Hemisphere summer, playing cricket in the 1930s.

It is a stunning place, and the visit has prompted a couple of Olympics-related thoughts, the first very simple: it is high time the Winter Olympics and Paralympics were staged south of the equator and New Zealand would make a fabulous location.

The trip - which included a few days in Queenstown, "Adventure Capital of the World", according to our travel itinerary - has also helped me to work out why, besides advanced age, I am instinctively rather suspicious of adventure sports.

New Zealand would make a fabulous location for the Winter Olympics and Paralympics ©Getty ImagesNew Zealand would make a fabulous location for the Winter Olympics and Paralympics
©Getty Images


This is quite a topical area for the Olympic Movement, which will, I think, find itself increasingly drawn to this exciting, adrenalin-fuelled new province of Planet Sport in its endeavours to remain fresh and relevant to young people.

The thing is this: the sports I and the Olympic Movement are most familiar with have been harnessed as means to a certain end.

In the Modern Olympic age, as initiated by Baron de Coubertin, the end, in essence, was inculcation of various qualities regarded as virtues by 19th-century British public schools.

The Ancient Games were designed even more clearly with a greater purpose in mind, this purpose being the formation of effective soldiers.

With adventure pursuits, it is sometimes hard, at least for me, to discern any more profound purpose than self-gratification: the desire to experience the most thrilling ride, or fall, money can buy.

The Ancient Olympic Games were designed to identify effective soldiers ©Getty ImagesThe Ancient Olympic Games were designed to identify effective soldiers ©Getty Images

I don't want to appear judgemental - most visitors to Queenstown and similar centres are merely seeking, no doubt, to enjoy their holidays, and who would begrudge them that?

Many adventure sports, moreover, draw on reserves of skill and courage that any athlete would be proud of.

I suppose too that playing any game, from bridge to American football, as a hobby is a form of self-gratification.

The brazen, wholly unapologetic focus on pleasure-seeking that I associate with adventure pursuits is nonetheless simply not something I am used to in the sporting field; it therefore leaves me feeling fogeyish and uncomfortable.

It would probably serve the Olympic Movement well to have a bigger presence in the adventure sports space ©Getty ImagesIt would probably serve the Olympic Movement well to have a bigger presence in the adventure sports space ©Getty Images


It also leads me to think that the Olympic Movement may need to reflect on the philosophical underpinnings of adventure sports and how compatible they are with those of Olympism before it steams too far along the path of incorporating more of them into the Games and Youth Games.

Yes, the Olympic world does need to do more to engage young people.

It would probably serve it well to have a bigger presence in the adventure sports space than its embrace of events such as BMX and snowboard cross have so far allowed it.

But it would be well-advised, I feel, to think penetratingly about its aspirations in the sector and to select its vehicles with great care.

David Owen worked for 20 years for the Financial Times in the United States, Canada, France and the UK. He ended his FT career as sports editor after the 2006 World Cup and is now freelancing, including covering the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the 2010 World Cup and London 2012. Owen's Twitter feed can be accessed here.

Mike Rowbottom: Dave Bedford, OBE - bless his red cotton socks

Mike Rowbottom
Mike RowbottomDave Bedford, who has been awarded the Order of the British Empire in the New Year's Honours List, is one of those people who add warmth and humour to life. He is also one of those people who will swiftly apply boot to backside if something seriously displeases him.

The latter characteristic animated his angry repudiation of the 118 118 phone directory business which used, and continues to use, athletics characters who, with their long dark hair and moustaches, (and initially at any rate their scruffy red socks around the ankles) look awfully like he did himself when he was the enfant terrible - and also enfant merveilleux - of British athletics in the early 1970s.

When Bedford failed to get what he deemed satisfaction, despite Ofcom ruling in January 2004 that the company had breached the Advertising Standards Code by caricaturing him without permission, he made his point very publicly by crashing the 118 118 TV ad campaign. Pictures of Bedford being removed from the location made the front page of two national newspapers.

Dave Bedford, enfant terrible - and merveilleux - of British athletics in the early 1970s, all the way down to his red socks ©Getty ImagesDave Bedford, enfant terrible - and merveilleux - of British athletics in the early 1970s, all the way down to his red socks ©Getty Images

I don't claim to know Bedford well, but I am always glad to see him - especially if we are anywhere near a bar. Over the years I have enjoyed a few beers with the man who was one of my childhood heroes. I will always regret that the first athletics meeting I ever attended, as part of a school trip, was the main day of action in the 1973 AAA Championships at Crystal Palace.

The Saturday itself was fantastic as I watched performers including David Jenkins, Alan Pascoe, Brendan Foster, Berwyn Price and the young Steve Ovett. But, as the Guardian report by John Rodda - already pasted into my scrapbook - attested, the day before had seen Bedford lower the world 10,000 metres record to 27min 30.80sec, taking more than seven seconds off the world record which Lasse Viren of Finland had set at the previous year's Munich Olympics. It was the first time since Chris Chataway's 5,000m victory over Vladimir Kuts in 1954 that a Briton had beaten a world record over a recognised Olympic distance.

It was great to see Alan Pascoe, who would go on to win the European and Commonwealth 110m hurdles titles, at the 1973 AAA Championships. But it didn't make up for missing Bedford's world record the day before ©Getty ImagesIt was great to see Alan Pascoe, who would go on to win the European and Commonwealth 110m hurdles titles, at the 1973 AAA Championships. But it didn't make up for missing Bedford's world record the day before ©Getty Images

Among the field beaten by Viren in the Olympic Stadium was Bedford, who arrived with much bruited hopes despite his defeat in the previous year's European Championships, when he had led for most of the race only to be passed by the pack. When the same thing happened to him in Munich, where he eventually finished sixth in the10,000m and 12th in the 5,000, I was watching his efforts on television, and in torment. A wrong word from my younger brother after the race caused us to have our only serious fight.

Bedford's achievements, other than that epic run in South London, are well known. He set British 5,000m and 3,000m steeplechase records, won the International Cross Country title and earned victory in both the junior and senior 1970 Southern Cross Championships.

Dick Beardsley and Inge Simonsen in the closing stages of the first London Marathon in 1981, which they jointly won. Dave Bedford finished further down the field after turning up at short notice after a night's drinking. ©Getty ImagesDick Beardsley and Inge Simonsen in the closing stages of the first London Marathon in 1981, which they jointly won. Dave Bedford finished further down the field after turning up at short notice after a night's drinking. ©Getty Images

But it was in the London Marathon that Bedford re-made his name - something he said this week meant even more to him than his athletics career. The connection started in competitive mode, however, as he ran the first race, in 1981, at less than 24 hours' notice as a bet, having prepared the previous evening by taking drink at his Luton nightclub, followed by a curry.

It culminated in 10 years as Race Director, a position from which he stepped down officially in 2012, although he remains the elite athete coordinator.

Dave Bedford talks to the press before the 2006 London Marathon ©Getty ImagesDave Bedford talks to the press before the 2006 London Marathon ©Getty Images

"I had an exciting and eventful athletics career but I'm more proud to be part of an incredible event whose fundraising has totalled over half a billion pounds for charitable causes since its inception, and attracts the world's best distance runners to London each year. London is viewed by most people as the best marathon in the world," Bedford said.

Sir John Spurling, KCVO, OBE, chairman of The London Marathon Ltd, commented: "Dave's tireless efforts to bring to London the world's best elite runners and wheelchair racers, ultimately showcasing London around the globe, and indeed his continued development of the London Marathon for all its participants, has resulted in millions of pounds being raised for many different charitable causes, by runners having taken part in the London Marathon, which now annually raises over £50 million ($81 million/€60 million) a year."

The London Marathon has big money now - but it wasn't always awash with it. What helped keep the event at the forefront was Bedford's combination of charm and determination as he hunted out the men and women who would make each April gathering memorable.

Mo Farah at the press launch before the 2013 Virgin London Marathon, where he was due to run half the distance. How fast can he run over the full distance this April? Dave Bedford would like to discuss this most of all ©Getty ImagesMo Farah at the press launch before the 2013 Virgin London Marathon, where he was due to run half the distance. How fast can he run over the full distance this April? Dave Bedford would like to discuss this most of all ©Getty Images

The last time I bumped into Bedford was in a Monte Carlo hotel, late. He joined myself and another journalist, although he insisted he would only have one small beer. Several small beers later, he was talking in animated fashion about Mo Farah's prospects in this year's Virgin London Marathon in what will be his debut at the distance.

Bedford insisted the field would not be slackened to favour the home runner on his first proper marathon outing. At this point my colleague asked a question often asked by journalists, seeking an idea of how much money Farah stood to gain from his marathon involvement.

Wrong question - as Bedford made very clear, albeit joshingly. "You've asked the money question," he said. "You should have asked me the other questions - can he win, and how fast can he run?" The point was made, then dropped. Our pleasant night's drink continued. Bedford does not get prissy about discussing figures. But at that moment one saw what truly animates him. He is not about money. He is about athletics.

Mike Rowbottom, one of Britain's most talented sportswriters, covered the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics as chief feature writer for insidethegames, having covered the previous five summer Games, and four winter Games, for The Independent. He has worked for the Daily Mail, The Times, The Observer, The Sunday Correspondent and The Guardian. His latest book Foul Play – the Dark Arts of Cheating in Sport (Bloomsbury £12.99) is available at the insidethegames.biz shop. To follow him on Twitter click here.

Philip Barker: Nazi U-Boats, James Bond, Tower Bridge - the 100-year history of the Olympic Rings

Emily Goddard
Philip BarkerWhen the Olympic flag flies at the Winter Games in Sochi, it will be a 100 years since the most famous Olympic symbol of all was created.

The five interlocked rings were the brainchild of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the Frenchman who had led the efforts to revive the Olympic Games.

"These five rings represent the five parts of the world now won over to Olympism and ready to accept its fruitful rivalries," he said.

At least one colour could be found in every flag in the world.

"This truly is an international emblem. It was made to be turned into a flag and the look of the flag would be perfect, a delight to see fluttering in the wind," he wrote.

Coubertin used the design as a letterhead in 1913 but it was not until the following year that it was seen in public.

The flag flew for the first time in 1914 at Alexandria in Egypt.

Even so, Coubertin sensed the worsening international situation as the world hovered on the brink of war.

"Are these rings solidly riveted together? Will war someday shatter the Olympic framework?" he asked.

His comments were sadly prophetic, for war soon raged. The flag intended to symbolise international understanding was stowed away for four long years.

The ceremonial handover flag on display in London's City Hall before the 2012 Olympic Games ©Philip BarkerThe ceremonial handover flag on display in London's City Hall before the 2012 Olympic Games ©Philip Barker


It finally appeared at an Olympic Opening Ceremony in 1920 at the first post-war Games in Antwerp and immediately became a target for the athletes. Some 80 years later in Sydney, IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch - born in 1920 - heard how American diver Hal Haig Prieste had managed to "collect" a flag as a souvenir. In 2000, Prieste had decided to restore the stolen item to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It was a charming episode in the build up to the Sydney Games.

The flag that Prieste returned should not be confused with the "Antwerp Flag". This was a ceremonial banner that the city fathers presented to their colleagues in Paris four years later to symbolically pass on the Olympic spirit. Their flag had the Olympic Rings and an embroidered border in the Olympic colours. This was distinct from the flags flown in the stadium to be kept in the municipal offices. Paris was charged with passing it to Amsterdam in 1928.

At this time, the exchange was at the Closing Ceremony, so in 1936 a group from Los Angeles brought the flag to Berlin. It was presented to Julius Lippert, the Nazi Mayor of Berlin. The Rings would not fly above a stadium for another 12 years as war came once again, though strangely, the conning towers of German submarines sometimes carried the Olympic Rings. This was apparently because a U-boat launched in the Olympic year of 1936 had been decorated by the Rings in tribute to the Olympians.

In the meantime, the Antwerp flag was stowed in a Berlin bank vault. How it was rediscovered in the final days of the Second World War remains the subject of dispute. It was reported that the Allied armies had come across it. Then 1936 Organising Chief Carl Diem also claimed that he had rediscovered the flag.

One thing was certain, there would be no Berlin delegation in London to pass the flag to London's Lord Mayor.

Until this time, the Winter Olympics did not have a similar ritual but after the 1952 Games in Oslo, the Norwegians introduced a companion flag.

At this time, the Olympic Movement was increasingly threatened by political interference. The IOC sought to diffuse the situation and the use of the Rings was central to its strategy.

At the heart of Europe, Germany was divided but by the late 1950s, the IOC had brokered an agreement for East and West Germany to compete together. Though this was only symbolic, they marched under the same flag. In 1959, it was agreed that this should be the black red and gold tricolour used by both nations, but with one important modification. In the words of IOC President Avery Brundage, the flag would be "neutralised" The Olympic Rings were to be set in white. Initially, neither side agreed. It took a visit by Karl Ritter von Halt and Willi Daume to German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer to persuade him. In East Berlin, the Communist officials were equally unwilling but eventually agreed.

The German flag with Olympic Rings used by the united team in the sixties ©Philip BarkerThe German flag with Olympic Rings used by the united team in the sixties ©Philip Barker


"The victory proves how the athletes of both zones of Germany have been brought together by the bonds created by Olympism," said the Olympic Review.

This flag was used until East and West Germany went their separate ways at the 1968 Games, but further problems lay ahead. In 1980, United States President Jimmy Carter called for a boycott of the Moscow Games in protest at the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

At a meeting in Rome, 18 European National Olympic Committees agreed to use the Olympic Rings rather than their national flags.

"Their mission is to defend the Olympic Movement whose principles are fraternity and universal friendship," said a statement.

"At all times and on all occasions the flag of the participating nations will be the Olympic flag."

Olympic regulations were modified to allow them to do so.

Canada was among the nations that stayed away. It was incumbent on Montreal to bring the ceremonial Olympic flag to the Lenin stadium. This was carried in by Stéphane Préfontaine and Sandra Henderson, the young runners who had lit the Olympic Cauldron in 1976. It would normally have been a task for the Mayor Jean Drapeau but the political climate made it impossible for him to do so. Even so, he made his support of the Olympic Movement very clear in a letter to Prime Minister Joe Clark.

In the wake of Moscow, the IOC decided to alter the flag ritual. At their session in Sarajevo in 1984, they agreed that the flag should be handed to the city about to stage the Games. No sooner was the change introduced than the Soviet Union announced their boycott of the 1984 Games and apparently refused to bring the Olympic flag to Los Angeles. Instead, it was carried into the stadium by IOC representatives, including the Belgian Alexandre de Mérode and two surviving members of the American team from Antwerp 1920. The city of Los Angeles held the flag for only a fortnight before it was given to representatives of 1988 organisers Seoul.

There was one further development in the Antwerp flag story. The Organising Committee for the 1988 Games had a replacement made for the Antwerp flag, complete with a casket. It is this flag that was received by the city fathers of Rio 2016.

By this time, an Olympic flag was used for another ritual. Up until 1980, the Olympic oaths were taken while grasping the relevant national flag. At the Sarajevo Winter Games in 1984 Slovenian skier Bojan Križaj, became the first oath taker to do so while holding the Olympic flag. At that time, Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia.

In Olympia the local municipality has laid paving stones with the five Rings ©Philip BarkerIn Olympia the local municipality has laid paving stones with the five Rings ©Philip Barker


The Olympic Movement remained amateur in its concept through the first three quarters of a century of its existence but jealously guarded the name Olympic from the outset and were equally concerned to protect the Olympic Rings.

In 1949, the IOC asked National Olympic Committees to "react energetically in all cases where the Olympic words and Rings are utilised for events which in no way concern the Olympic Movement".

In 1953 the Italian Olympic Committee President Giulio Onesti wrote to domestic sports organisations "to use the Olympic symbols with the utmost care and discretion in order to emphasise the full import thus never permitting them to become commonplace". They were certainly not to be used for any professional sports events.

Yet in 1968, the Olympic Rings could be seen on tracksuits worn by the henchmen of arch villain Blofeld in the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service.

The Olympic Rings will be everywhere in Sochi. At each Games, organisers try to present them in an original and symbolic fashion. They have become one of the signature moments of the Opening Ceremony.

In 1980 when the Games were first held in Russia, they appeared on a chariot, accompanied by men and women in Greek costume.

In 1988, high over the city of Seoul, each ring was formed by five groups of six skydivers each wearing jumpsuits in the appropriate colour as they came to form the rings high above the stadium before making a dramatic descent.

The Barcelona Games of 1992 were the first in a generation to be free of political boycott. The organisers came up with a memorable idea.

"All athletes from all over the world are competing under the same flag so we thought it would not be a bad idea to turn that into reality," said Luis Bassat, President of the company that produced the Ceremonies.

Workmen in Turin use a template of the Rings to make the Olympic lanes for official traffic ©Philip BarkerWorkmen in Turin use a template of the Rings to make the Olympic lanes for official traffic at the 2006 Winter Games ©Philip Barker


A giant Olympic flag, 106 metres long and 70 metres wide, was manufactured.

The huge flag was unfurled as the choir sang the Barcelona anthem "Friends for Life".

The athletes beneath sensed the symbolism and eagerly pulled the flag over the entire infield. It also caught the imagination of Samaranch, who said the greatest moment he'd ever seen at an Olympics was when the athletes of the world were "united under the Olympic Flag".

In Sydney, giant rings, 75 metres wide and 35 metres high, were installed on Sydney Harbour Bridge. They "dominated the skyline throughout the Games and identified Sydney as a remarkable host city," said IOC marketing chief Michael Payne.

At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and in Athens two years later, the five circles were depicted in fire. In Torino, five giant Olympic Rings appeared above the entrance to the Stadio Olimpico as acrobats performed.

"A tribute to Olympism in its most powerful form that gives a solid concrete dimension to the dream of every hopeful young athlete," said the organisers.

Every team passed under the Rings as it entered the stadium.

At Beijing 2008, thousands of LED lights were used to create a stunning representation of the Olympic symbols. These were entitled "Dream Rings".

Giant Rings welcomed visitors to St Pancras railway station during London 2012 ©Getty ImagesGiant Rings welcomed visitors to St Pancras railway station during
London 2012 ©Getty Images


In London, there were also giant Rings to welcome visitors to St Pancras railway station and at Tower Bridge, the rings folded every time the bridge opened.

The Greek village of Olympia, where the Olympic flame is lit, the local municipality has even laid paving stones with the five Rings. In Olympic cities, Rings have also been used to mark out the Olympic lanes for official transport.

In 2014 as at previous Games, athletes without a country will march under the Olympic flag as individual participants. These will include any Indian athletes who qualify as their National Olympic Committee is currently under suspension.

Born in Hackney, a stone's throw from the 2012 Olympic Stadium, Philip Barker has worked as a television journalist for 25 years. He began his career with Trans World Sport, then as a reporter for Sky Sports News and the ITV breakfast programme. A regular Olympic pundit on BBC Radio, Sky News and TalkSPORT, he is associate editor of the Journal of Olympic History, has lectured at the National Olympic Academy and contributed extensively to Team GB publications.

Alan Hubbard: Russia needs to prevent its 2014 snow show from becoming a cold war

Emily Goddard
Alan HubbardHow safe is Sochi? Or more to the point, how dangerous will Russia's Black Sea citadel be for competitors and spectators in the Winter Olympic Games now less than six weeks away?

Pre-Games scaremongering has been customary since Munich 1972 but events of the past few days in Volgograd, where terror attacks by suicide bombers have killed more than 30 people and left scores horrifically injured, have a brought a disturbing sense of reality that the danger will be clear and present when Europe's most prestigious sporting event of 2014 begins on February 7.

These tragic incidents, and a string of others which have preceded them, understandably raise fears of further violence before and during the Games, which President Vladimir Putin has vowed, will be the most memorable in history.

Hopefully this will not be for the wrong reason.

An international security expert of our acquaintance once privately volunteered the notion that after Munich there would be little likelihood of future terrorist attacks on major sports events such as the Olympics again as they would be too obvious and well-protected.

Last year's Boston Marathon and the Centennial Olympic Park pipe bombing at Atlanta 1996 scuppered this theory.

Volgograd is a transport hub for many travellers en route to Sochi ©AFP/Getty ImagesVolgograd is a transport hub for many travellers en route to Sochi ©AFP/Getty Images


Now Islamic separatist movements have sworn to disrupt Sochi 2014, presenting a direct challenge to Putin's authority.

Putin was first elected after winning popularity for a war against Chechnyan rebels, but attacks by Islamist militants whose insurgency is rooted in the war have clouded his time in power and now confront him with his mightiest political challenge.

You can be certain he will do everything in his power - which is considerable - to prevent Sochi from becoming another Munich. Or worse.

Worryingly for him is that Volgograd is a transport hub for many travellers en route to Sochi, and equally ominously, is a venue for another of the autocratic President's influentially acquired sporting showpieces - the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Some 425 miles (690km) north of Sochi, Volgograd was known as Stalingrad in the Soviet era and was a symbol of Russian resistance during the Second World War.

In October, it was targeted by a female suicide bomber with links to Islamists fighting federal forces in Russia's volatile North Caucasus.

Such female "martyrs" are often referred to in Russia as "Black Widows" - women who seek to avenge the deaths of their family members in North Caucasus fighting by targeting civilians.

Volgograd was also the target of a female suicide bomber in October ©AFP/Getty ImagesVolgograd was also the target of a female suicide bomber in October ©AFP/Getty Images


Militants are seeking to impose an Islamist state throughout Russia's North Caucasus. Their leader, Doku Umarov, has ordered his foot soldiers to target civilians outside the region and disrupt the Games. In a video, posted online in July he urged followers to use "maximum force" to prevent the staging of the Olympics and Paralympics.

Even Russian security chiefs believe it is virtually impossible that Sochi will escape without some sort of incident.

Though they insist it is more probable that this will be focused elsewhere in southern Russia where there are easier targets than a fortified venue that will feature the most intimidating security cordon of any previous sports event. More intense than either Beijing 2008 or London 2012.

A veritable Iron Curtain will be draped around the pleasant resort that lies in uncomfortably close proximity to the violence ravaging North Caucasus regions such as Dagestan and Chechnya on a daily basis.

The Government is already preparing to restrict non-essential access to Sochi from next week with rigid security checks on all traffic and a ban all non-resident cars from a wide area around the city.

However, so far there have been few indications of foreign teams or fans thinking of cancelling their attendance out of safety concerns, inevitably apart from the Australians, whose Government always seems first in the queue when it comes to expressing security worries.

Sochi 2014 is said to be Vladimir Putin's pet project ©AFP/Getty ImagesSochi 2014 is said to be Vladimir Putin's pet project ©AFP/Getty Images


The Sochi Games' success carries heavy political overtones for the Kremlin amid its efforts to use patriotism to mobilise support for Putin's regime.

Yet in a perverse way the Volgograd atrocities have taken the heat off Putin's human rights record which was seen as an impediment to a globally-acclaimed Olympics.

The canny President, conscious that his country is risking opprobrium at a time when its economy needs investment, apparently effected a pre-Games amnesty with a series of gestures transparently made to appease an anxious International Olympic Committee (IOC) and allay concerns of boycotts and demonstrations disfiguring the event.

These have included the release from jail of the Pussy Riot feminist punk protest group, dropping charges against Greenpeace activists and the unexpected pardoning of his long-time imprisoned political opponent Mikhail Khodorkovsky.

One of the freed members of Pussy Riot, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, said on her return to Moscow that their release was blatantly designed to improve Russia's image before February's Games, which she called Putin's pet project.

Their success is a matter of "masculine pride" for him, she said, crediting the threat of a boycott for her group's early release from a Siberian labour camp. "The thaw has nothing to do with humanism. The authorities only did this under pressure from Russian and Western society."

It was a shrewdly timed exercise in damage limitation by Putin. Few world leaders are more aware of the power of sport in global politics than the former KGB officer and judo black belt.

But the political controversy is not likely to go away. The Presidents of the United States, France, Germany, Canada and Belgium say they will not attend the Games, though no one specifies that this is in protest at Russia's new anti-gay laws.

Pointedly, however, Barack Obama has nominated three openly gay sports personalities, Billie Jean King, Caitlin Cahow and Brian Boitano, to the official White House delegation.

At 1,661 billion roubles Sochi 2014 will be the most expensive Olympics in history ©Sochi 2014At 1,661 billion roubles Sochi 2014 will be the most expensive Olympics
in history ©Sochi 2014


It has now been confirmed that British Prime Minister David Cameron will not go to Sochi, though the Culture Secretary, Maria Miller, and Sports Minister, Helen Grant, who both have responsibilities for equality, will be there to support Team GB.

Downing Street insists that Cameron's absence is not a statement about Russia's stance on gay rights. "He doesn't think that boycotts and grand gestures achieve much," said an aide.

The new Russian law signed this year banning the distribution of so-called propaganda about non-traditional sexual relationships to minors raised concerns about whether gay athletes and spectators would face discrimination at the Olympics.

However, it is believed Putin has intervened to backtrack on his Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko's statement that the law could be used during the Games to prosecute anyone voicing support for homosexuality.

Putin said last week that Russia's main responsibility as host was to ensure equality for all: "The main thing for us is the good organisation of these competitions, the creation of equal terms for all athletes."

These Olympics are clearly part of Putin's desire to highlight the international strength of Russia and his own status as the world's most powerful leader. To ensure the success of the event in the Caucasus mountain-fringed resort that is Putin's favourite summer retreat, as it once was Stalin's, his cabinet last week approved an extra 1.6 billion roubles (£30 million/$50 million/€362 million) in subsidies for the Games, whose overall cost of 1,661 billion roubles (£31 billion/$51 billion/€37 billion) makes them the most expensive Olympics - winter or summer - in history.

But preventing Russia's 2014 snow show from becoming a cold war that could prove a damning prelude to their hosting of the 2018 World Cup is obviously a price Putin believes is worth paying, financially and politically.

Will the Black Widows of Chechnya make it an even higher one?

Alan Hubbard is a sports columnist for the Independent on Sunday, and a former sports editor of The Observer. He has covered a total of 16 Summer and Winter Games, 10 Commonwealth Games.

Nick Butler: The first rule of sport - don’t quit

Nick Butler
Nick Butler in the Olympic Stadium If the reason we like sport is because it is a snapshot of life, with all the emotion and stories of humanity but without the negativity of the real world, then the most important lesson therein is a refusal to quit and back down in the face of adversity.

This is best encapsulated by the legendary American football coach Vince Lombardi, whose remark that "it's not whether you get knocked down, it's whether you get up" is relevant to all fields of life.

Last week's sudden retirement of England cricketer Graeme Swann midway through an Ashes Series in Australia has revived this debate.

For those who have not been following the Ashes, it is fair to say that they have not gone well for England so far. Despite having won the last three series and being comfortable favourites beforehand, they were blown away in the first four matches and now face the humiliation of a 5-0 defeat.

A bubbly character on and off the field of play, spin bowler Swann has been a key part of England's success in recent years but, like all his colleagues, he has endured a wretched series in the face of a rejuvenated Aussie backlash. Not only has he failed to take wickets but his uncanny knack of tying down batsmen and stemming the flow of runs for long periods has also eluded him.

His response, from an outsider's perspective at least, was to throw in the towel and announce his immediate retirement with two matches still remaining. He then rather ambiguously criticised "certain players as being up their own backsides" - comments he has since denied were aimed at England teammates.

Graeme Swann waves goodbye to his cricketing career after announcing his shock retirement last week ©Getty ImagesGraeme Swann waves goodbye to his cricketing career after announcing his shock retirement last week ©Getty Images

Swann's retirement has been supported in many quarters. He was possibly going to be dropped anyway so why not jump before you are pushed, some say. Others question the point of carrying on when your ability has gone, and you no longer have the motivation to do anything about it.

Others have taken a less sympathetic view. To furtive nods of approval from family members, who were no doubt influenced by a hefty dose of Christmas-time war films, my uncle announced that in his opinion Swann should be subjected to "public execution for dereliction of duty in the face of the enemy".

A little harsh maybe, but not an altogether isolated opinion among the English cricketing fraternity.

It is not his retirement that has caused the contention, but the fact that he has done so midway through such an important series and that he has left his team in such dire straits as a result.

He has therefore broken two of the sport's most fundamental rules.

This attitude reminds me of my days as a goalkeeper for our rather talentless under 11 school football team. As a general rule losing by less than 10 goals was considered a good result but the key lesson was that we learnt how to lose and we never gave up when doing so. I still unsuccessfully argue to this day, for example, that a man-of-the-match award I received in one 14-1 defeat was not actually given out of sympathy but for the 14 additional goals I prevented.

Just about any film about sport encapsulates these dual themes - Cool Runnings or Chariots of Fire to take two Olympic themed ones - as do many of sport's greatest moments in years gone by.

Think Seb Coe at Moscow 1980, coming second in the 800 metres and then winning the 1,500m, Muhammad Ali "floating like a butterfly and stinging like a bee" in the Rumble in the Jungle in 1974, and Andy Murray losing four Grand Slam tennis finals before eventually succeeding at the fifth attempt.

Starting with his Olympic gold medal at London 2012, Andy Murray has reaped the benefits of refusing to give up after defeat ©AFP/Getty ImagesStarting with his Olympic gold medal at London 2012, Andy Murray has reaped the benefits of refusing to give up after defeat ©AFP/Getty Images


Best of all, think of sailor Sir Ben Ainslie, who achieved three of his four Olympic gold medals after mounting formidable recoveries before he formed part of Oracle Team USA's "greatest ever comeback" to win this year's America's Cup. Through his gentlemanly and humble, yet ruthlessly determined never-say-die persona, Sir Ben encapsulates this purpose of sport perfectly.

It was a boat sport which also provided the best recent example of an Olympic "quitter" in the form of Australian rower Sally Robbins. In the final 250m of the women's eight final at Athens 2004, with her crew still contesting for a medal in the biggest race of her life, Robbins inexplicably stopped rowing, and was castigated by teammates and media alike as a result.

Sydney's Daily Telegraph summed up this reaction when it wrote: "In a team sport such as rowing what she did was unforgivable. It appears Robbins committed the greatest crime there is in honest sport - she quit."

It was not that Robbins failed that people condemned. People can accept failure. What they could not accept is the fact that she did not even try and, like Swann, she let down her crew mates and country as a result.

In some cases "giving-up" is the only solution. This was shown also in Athens by the plight of Paula Radcliffe in the women's marathon. With 20 miles gone, the three medal positions disappearing ahead in the sweltering summer heat, and with injury getting worse with every step, the Briton eventually and belatedly came to a halt. But, unlike Swann and Robbins, she was directly harming herself long-term by continuing and she was not letting down a teammate.

Injury is one of the foremost reasons for which quitting, either in an one event or by ending a whole career, cannot be avoided. This extends also to mental problems, such as the depression-induced exit suffered by Graham Swann's England teammate Jonathan Trott earlier in the Ashes series, which was a different issue from Swann's and should not be criticised.

To give one final counter-example of an athlete who has fought back resolutely to overcome adversity, you need only look at football goalkeeper Joe Hart.

After a string of errors for club and country, Hart was dropped by Manchester City in favour of Romanian deputy Costel Pantilimon. He accepted the decision, went away, worked hard, and has now recovered his place with two impressive Christmas performances.

Bloodied but not beaten...Joe Hart has fought back to claim his place after being dropped ©Getty ImagesBloodied but not beaten...Joe Hart has fought back to claim his place after being dropped ©Getty Images

To return to the case of Swann, he was certainly struggling mentally, and there were also signs that his troublesome elbow was close to finally giving up after years of injury struggle.

Both must have contributed to his exit.

But, because these reasons have not been directly given, they do not exempt him from the fact that he effectively jumped from a sinking ship. If he was not prepared to see out the series he should not have been there in the first place. There was also this important difference in the sense that he was a member of a team so his decision affected others beyond merely himself - and this should not be underplayed.

The verdict of my uncle and others was overly damning, and Swann's significant contribution to English cricket over recent years should not be forgotten.

However, in not taking Lombardi's advice and not "getting up" after being "knocked down" he has lacked the resilience of Coe, Ali, Murray, Sir Ben and Hart, and anyone else who seeks membership of an elusive club of sporting greats.

As we look ahead to the New Year, with the Winter Olympics in Sochi looming on the horizon, we look to sport to bring us more stories of courage, determination, success and failure. We hope not to see many more cases of quitting.

Nick Butler is a reporter for insidethegames. To follow him on Twitter click here

David Owen: Seiko Hashimoto and stories of other Japanese Olympic heroines

Duncan Mackay
David OwenJapan will be one of the Olympic Movement's most important partners for the next seven years; so the appearance in paperback of a book outlining the stories of the country's greatest female Olympic athletes is timely.

Robin Kietlinski's earnest but digestible volume* puts the attainments of these athletes in the context of the development of Japanese society over the past 150 or so years, explaining how attitudes to sport, and women's proper place in it, were gradually transformed.

But it was the stories of the women themselves, trailblazers nearly all, that most held my attention.

Well-known as they may be in Japan, they deserve a wider international circulation, and may very well get it in the run-up to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

One athlete whose story may be particularly widely disseminated in coming weeks and months is Seiko Hashimoto, a speed skater-cum-cyclist, who performed at a remarkable seven Olympic Games - Summer and Winter - in the 1980s and 1990s.

Hashimoto subsequently went into politics and is now one of a number of individuals being touted as potential candidates to be the next Governor of Tokyo, following the resignation of Naoki Inose.

Should she get that job, then some of the biographical details relayed by Kietlinski would quickly be broadcast far and wide - starting with her date of birth, October 5, 1964, "just as the [first] Tokyo Olympics were getting underway".

Kietlinski goes on to quote from a 1996 essay of Hashimoto's that explains how the Olympics has marked her life from her earliest days.

"My name," she wrote, "was given to me by my father, who was so moved by the beauty of the seika, the Olympic flame, that he gave me the name 'Seiko' (using the same Chinese character for 'sei').

"Being given this name, it was always my dream to become an Olympic athlete."

In spite of her many appearances, Hashimoto's sole Olympic medal came at Albertville in 1992, where she won bronze in the 1500 metres speed skating.

Seiko Hashimoto competed in seven Olympics, representing Japan in speed skating and cycling ©Allsport/Getty ImagesSeiko Hashimoto competed in seven Olympics, representing Japan in speed skating and cycling ©Allsport/Getty Images

Perhaps my favourite passage of the book deals with the first Olympic gold medal won by a Japanese woman: this was claimed at the notorious Berlin Games of 1936 by swimmer Hideko Maehata in the 200m breaststroke.

As Kietlinski explains, the race was almost as significant in the history of Japanese broadcasting as of Japanese sport, as it was among the first major events to be covered live via radio satellite.

It was a close race, and the translation she provides of the commentary delivered by a journalist called Sansei Kasai gives a wonderfully understated impression of the nationalistic fervour that must have gripped Japan as Maehata drove her aching limbs desperately through the water.

"Maehata's lead is small, it's very small!" the commentary runs.

"Maehata! Go for it Maehata! [Repeated eleven times]

"Maehata is in the lead! [Repeated six times]

"Five metres left to go! Four metres left! Three metres, two metres.

"Maehata is ahead!

"Maehata has won! [Repeated eighteen times]"

Japanese Women and Sport - Beyond Baseball and Sumo by Robin Kietlinski is a fascinating insight into some of the country's most successful female Olympians ©BloomsburyJapanese Women and Sport - Beyond Baseball and Sumo by Robin Kietlinski is a fascinating insight into some of the country's most successful female Olympians ©Bloomsbury

The book also covers the heroines of the 1964 Games, the Japanese women's volleyball gold medallists, who became known as the "witches of the Orient", but whose triumph was reward in part for subjecting themselves to the regime of a merciless coach.

There is sadness too.

I knew something of the achievement of Kinue Hitomi, who won the first Olympic medal awarded to a Japanese woman, a silver, at the Amsterdam Games of 1928 in the 800m race that was deemed so gruelling the event did not reappear on the Olympic schedule until 1960.

But I did not know that she died in 1931, after contracting pneumonia, aged just 24, or that she had to put up with much fascination over her supposedly unfeminine appearance as a result of her robust physique.

Kinue Hitomi won an Olympic silver medal in the 800m at Amsterdam 1928 but died only three years later Kinue Hitomi ©Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty ImagesKinue Hitomi won an Olympic silver medal in the 800m at Amsterdam 1928 but died only three years later ©Central Press/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Equally sad is the story of hurdler Ikuko Yoda, whose eye-catching pre-race ritual involved a broom, headstands, a white headband and white mentholated cream applied to both temples.

In spite of this preamble, Yoda could manage only fifth place in her Olympic final, and "had an incredibly difficult time handling the fact that she had trained so hard and did not come away with a medal".

Kietlinski goes on: "Tragically, Yoda never seemed to recover mentally from the devastation she felt after falling to her competitors at the Olympic Games."

In 1983, she took her own life.

She was 45.

*Japanese Women and Sport – Beyond Baseball and Sumo by Robin Kietlinski, published by Bloomsbury Academic, price £16.99 ($28.01/€20.30)

David Owen worked for 20 years for the Financial Times in the United States, Canada, France and the UK. He ended his FT career as sports editor after the 2006 World Cup and is now freelancing, including covering the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the 2010 World Cup and London 2012. To follow him on Twitter click here

Mike Rowbottom: Kelly Holmes, Sandrine Thiebaud Kangni, Ivo Ferriani all believe it is better to give than receive

Mike Rowbottom
Mike RowbottomIs it really better to give than to receive? If you have just unwrapped an all-too familiar selection of lurid socks, lary aftershave and CDs you would not play even if they were the only thing in your car from Land's End to John O'Groats, you may feel disinclined to agree.

But in seriousness, at this festive time the idea of doing things for others takes on a particular resonance.

Dame Kelly Holmes reflects in her latest newsletter on the workings of the charity she set up in 2009 - the Dame Kelly Holmes Legacy Trust (DKHLT)- that 2013 has involved reaching nearly 25,000 vulnerable young people.

"We're running more programmes and in more regions than ever before," writes Britain's double Olympic champion of 2004, "with the help of our 200-strong 'GiveBack' team of world class athletes."

There is an additional report featuring one of the young people who has benefited from the DKHLT experience this year, 24-year-old Jess, from Thanet, whose life had fallen into an ebb following the death of her partner from cancer in 2012. Having been a full-time carer she had to re-assess her strengths and possibilities, and her local jobcentre told her about the imminent arrival of in her area of Get On Track - one of the models developed with the DKHLT to improve personal development of 16-25 year-olds through a sport-based programme delivered "with mentoring support elite athlete role models."

Jess, "although sceptical", went along, and the programme worked for her, ultimately helping to get her in touch with Mears construction company, which took her on as a receptionist.

Now there is a Christmas gift, even if it did come a little earlier in 2013. And of course the beauty of the DKHLT model is that everybody wins - not just Jess, in this case, but the mentors who helped her towards fresh confidence and fields of endeavour.

Dame Kelly Holmes has created a means for athletes to return and give back to the sport through her Legacy Trust ©Getty ImagesDame Kelly Holmes has created a means for athletes to return and give back to the sport through her Legacy Trust ©Getty Images

For, as Holmes knows so well herself, no matter how good a sportsman or woman you may be, there will always come a day when you have to contemplate being something else. And that can be very scary, as Holmes told me while she was in the process of putting together her idea for the new charity.

By the time she had been six months retired, and her daily elation at not having to go through the rigour of training had abated, she found herself asking a question: "Who am I now?"

"I feel passionately that sports people are role models for young people," Holmes added. "And the more that young people can work with sports people the better. When people can collaborate more it will be better for everyone involved.

"Making a decision to retire after being an elite performer is something that many competitors are scared to do - because they have to address what to do next.

"A lot of competitors are lacking in confidence at that point in their lives. I know how I felt at that point - I felt lost.

"Many sports people have put 10 or 20 years into achieving excellence during their careers. Do we care about them?

"What we are saying to them now through the Trust is, 'Hey, come over here, we will help you make the transition into a new career where you can give back some of the skills and discipline you have built up.'"

Sandrine Thiebaud Kangni is engaged in a film project entitled Footprint Athlete's Legacy on the subject of returning to coach in the sport ©Getty ImagesSandrine Thiebaud Kangni is engaged in a film project entitled Footprint Athlete's Legacy on the subject of returning to coach in the sport ©Getty Images

A conversation I had in Monte Carlo last month put me in mind of Kelly. This time I found myself talking at the International Associations of Athletics Federations (IAAF) Gala gathering to another former Olympic athlete, Sandrine Thiebaud Kangni, the French-born sprinter and heptathlete who competed at the 2004 and 2008 Games for Togo, following in the footsteps of her father Roger Kangni, who ran in the 800 metres at the 1972 Olympics.

Sandrine may have competed in different events to Kelly, but she had the same blaze of determination within her to put something back into the sport which she loved. That determination shone in her eyes as she spoke of her plans to develop a film project on which she has been working for the last year with the French film journalist Caroline Pericard.

The project's title - Footprint - is a metaphor for the imprint athletes put on their sport both during and, crucially, after their competitive career - the focus being on those who have made the decision to reinvest their expertise in the next generation.

Thus the pilot Footprint Athlete's Legacy episode saw Sandrine and Caroline journey to Mauritius to see Stephane Buckland, the 200m runner who won Commonwealth Games silver in 2006, competed at three successive Olympics between 2000 and 2008 and reached three successive IAAF World Championship finals.

Stephan Buckland (centre), who features in the pilot Footprint film, takes silver in the 200m at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne ©Getty ImagesStephan Buckland (centre), who features in the pilot Footprint film, takes silver in the 200m at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne ©Getty Images

The opening shots establish Sandrine on a tideline, kicking through surf. "I just came back from the Beijing Olympics," she says. "And I know I'm gonna retire...I'm just thinking of the champions I met on the track... and I say to myself: 'What have they become?' You definitely know them through their medals. But me, I'm gonna tell you the story they are now building as human beings. This story is Footprint!"

Sandrine meets Buckland at the Bambou Stadium, where both competed at the 2006 African Championships. "I think I just want to give them what I did not have at their age," Buckland tells her. "Because where I live, it's not exactly a poor area, but kids still need help to step forward in life. In ten years' time... I focus on one very specific aim: to be the best sprint coach in Africa."

Their next meeting is in the mountainous area of Trou-aux-Cerfs, in heavy rain, as Buckland puts a group of his charges through hill training. "I teach them athletics is hard work," he says, with the ghost of a grin.

The young athletes, returning to the top of the hill again and again, are certainly giving effort. But they are receiving.

Earlier this week I spoke on the phone with the President of the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation, Ivo Ferriani. This former Olympic competitor-turned-coach-turned-adminstrator is now consumed with the idea of transforming his sport. And one of the key plans for the future is an initiative which will better enable retiring athletes to follow the path back into the sport which he took. These are truly virtuous circles to contemplate this Christmas.

Mike Rowbottom, one of Britain's most talented sportswriters, covered the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics as chief feature writer for insidethegames, having covered the previous five summer Games, and four winter Games, for The Independent. He has worked for the Daily Mail, The Times, The Observer, The Sunday Correspondent and The Guardian. His latest book Foul Play – the Dark Arts of Cheating in Sport (Bloomsbury £12.99) is available at the insidethegames.biz shop. To follow him on Twitter click here.

Marc Naimark: Time for Commonwealth to stand up to homophobic members if Glasgow 2014 to mean anything

Emily Goddard
Marc NaimarkIf the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games mean sending gay and lesbian athletes into the lion's den of homophobia, the Commonwealth Games are about inviting the homophobic lion's over for a spot of tea.

Nick Butler's excellent article in insidethegames noted the adoption of a new particularly homophobic law in Commonwealth member Uganda.

At the recent Commonwealth conference in Sri Lanka, the subject of the prevalence of homophobia in Commonwealth states and the rise of anti-gay laws in many was carefully eluded by Britain and other progressive members of the Commonwealth.

It demonstrated what many had already noted back in March when Queen Elizabeth signed in her role as ceremonial head of the group of former British colonies the organisation's first Charter of Values, which the United Kingdom Government claimed included protection against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation...which it didn't. 

Instead, the Charter, rather like the Olympic Charter, says that signatories oppose "all forms of discrimination, whether rooted in gender, race, colour, creed, political belief or other grounds". Like the Olympic Charter's Principle 6, "other grounds" was supposed to be understood to include sexual orientation, and many credulous gays took the bait, despite that fact that homosexuals are persecuted and homosexuality criminalised in many Commonwealth nations.

Commonwealth member Uganda has adopted a new particularly homophobic law ©Getty ImagesCommonwealth member Uganda has adopted a new particularly homophobic law
©Getty Images


As Nick Butler noted, 41 of the 56 member nations of the Commonwealth have some kind of law persecuting same-sex relationships, including some regimes like Nigeria, where those subject to Sharia law face stoning to death for homosexual relations.

The latest abomination is the Ugandan law, which makes men engaging in sexual relations with other men subject to life in prison.

The flags of these homophobic regimes will be flying at Celtic Park in Glasgow for Opening Ceremony of the 2014 Commonwealth Games. In the meantime, the rainbow flag will be flying at Pride House, organised by LEAP Sports Scotland, a partner of the Federation of Gay Games in the Pride House International coalition.

Why is homophobia in Commonwealth nations a problem for the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF)?

We need to start with the CGF's own words, as found in their constitution:

The Mission of the Federation is to "promote the best interests of athletes participating in them and to assist in the development of sport throughout the Commonwealth" and to "promote the shared values of integrity, fair play, competence, commitment to excellence, respect for gender equality and tolerance". The remit of the CGF is for sport throughout the Commonwealth, not just at the Games. It wishes to promote tolerance and gender equality, again, throughout the Commonwealth.

insidethegames has been told by a CGF spokesman "that until a country specifically outlaws an athlete competing, or does something which would directly affect sport, no action would be taken against [homophobic] member nations". This is the language of cowards. In England, Tom Daley has come out as bi. Which Ugandan athlete would be so foolish as to do the same? Does it take the stoning of a gay athlete in Nigeria for the CGF to take action?

 The rainbow flag will be flying at Pride House at the Glasgow 2014 ©Getty Images The rainbow flag will be flying at Pride House at the Glasgow 2014 ©Getty Images


At last month's Commonwealth summit in Colombo, Sri Lanka, the UK, Australia, Canada, etc. refused to speak out on protection against discrimination against LGBT people, for fear of rocking the boat or seeing the homophobes leave the Commonwealth in protest. Yet if not to promote some sort of human value, what good is the Commonwealth? And if the Commonwealth Games choose not to defend their mission of promotion of tolerance, what good are these Games?

The Host Committee of the 2014 Games is exemplary, and has already involved LEAP Sports Scotland in its planning. But they are not ultimately responsible for enforcing the constitution of the CGF. It's time for the leaders of the CGF to step up to the plate and ban the participation of countries which put athletes in prison or stone them to death. Because there are gay athletes everywhere, even in Nigeria, even in Uganda, even in the dozens of other homophobic countries that make up the not-so-noble assembly that is the Commonwealth.

You can learn more about the 2014 Commonwealth Games Pride House at the Pride House event LEAP Sports Scotland will be organising during the Sochi Games. More information will be available soon at leapsports.org and pridehouseinternational.org.

Marc Naimark is vice-president for external affairs for the Federation of Gay Games, the governing body for the world's largest sporting event open to all, and a member of the Pride House International coalition of LGBT sport and human-rights organisations. Gay Games 9 is due to take place in August 2014 in Cleveland.

Alan Hubbard: David Coleman was a true giant who brought the Olympics to life. Quite remarkable

Duncan Mackay
The International Olympic Committee Alan Hubbard(IOC) may not realise it, but they owe an immense debt to David Coleman.

For it was the BBC's master of the microphone who brought the Games to life for millions through three decades, humanising the athletes, interpreting the intricacies of the sports and vividly conveying the true joys of Olympism.

Coleman, who died at the weekend aged 87, cut his teeth on the Olympics, covering 11, vividly capturing the essence of them all from Rome 1960 to Sydney 2000.

Great is the most overworked word in the sporting lexicon, but Coleman was truly that, a colossus of the commentary box who bestrode his profession with a consummate expertise unlikely ever to be replicated.

As a commentator and presenter, he cut his teeth on the Olympics, whose disciplines - notably athletics as a former keen middle distance runner for Stockport Harriers - he appreciated far more than football, which he had also played at a decent amateur level.

Of the Games he covered, Munich 1972 was his finest hour - though actually it was several hours, a marathon stint from dawn to dusk at the microphone during which he so professionally reported the tragic events of that Black September day as they unfolded from a shocking dawn in the Athletes' Village to a dramatic dusk and the massacre at Fürstenfeldbruck airfield.

"The Olympic Games stand still," he intoned. "The flags in the stadium at half-mast, the citizens of Munich, the thousands of competitors and officials bewildered and appalled."

No-one said it better.

Working from scant information and a closed circuit television monitor, he held together the coverage of those unfolding horrors as Palestinian terrorists held hostage, and then killed a group of Israeli athletes.

It was a supreme example of broadcasting at its best, illustrating that here was no mere sports hack but an experienced journalist of the highest calibre.

David Coleman's commentary of David Hemery's victory in the 400 metres hurdles at the Mexico City Olympics in 1968 has entered in folklore ©AllsportDavid Coleman's commentary of David Hemery's victory in the 400 metres hurdles at the Mexico City Olympics in 1968 has entered in folklore ©Allsport

But even Homer occasionally nodded. In 1968, at the Mexico Olympics, Coleman was recorded at 200 words per minute while commentating on Davbid Hemery's win in the 400 metres hurdles. After the finish he could only identify the first two and famously exclaimed: "Who cares who's third?" The bronze medal winner turned out to be another Briton, John Sherwood.

Regrettably, thanks to the latter-day policies of the BBC, ITV, Sky and now BT in turning from the pros to the pundits, preferring to employ current or former sports personalities as front men and women, we have no longer see or hear the likes of David Coleman.

Some, like Gary Lineker, Gary Neville, Michael Atherton, John McEnroe, Steve Cram, Sue Barker and Gabby Logan are good, as was Cliff Morgan; the majority range from the mediocre to the downright embarrassing.

Not least the legion of blonde bimbos who mouth words off the Sky autocue while giving the impression they haven't a clue what they actually mean.

They may have a passion for something, but it certainly isn't sport.

John Motson, Barry Davies, Des Lynam, Sir Peter O'Sullevan, Frank Bough, and Harry Carpenter were DC's accomplished contemporaries; Jim Rosental, John Rawling, Mike Costello and a handful of other well-trained journos among his respected disciples, but alas these are a dying breed.

This is the age of pseudo-intellectual celebrtity in the commentary box; of tyros on the touchline and in the studio.

What chance a journalist like David Coleman being given the opportunity to become a top commentator by the BBC today? ©BBCWhat chance a young journalist like David Coleman being given the opportunity to become a top athletics commentator by the BBC today? ©BBC

These days the BBC probably would hire a David James rather than a David Coleman. Come to think of it, BT actually have.

It is true that Coleman was something of a martinet. Many perfectionists are. Some colleagues found him rude, abusive and difficult to work with. But, as the former BBC head of sport Jonathan Martin, himself more than once the object of a loud and fruity Coleman tirade said, that was because his standards were so high.

Yet the father-of-six could also be generously supportive of young talent and was always a marvellous and amusing travelling companion. Especially if those sitting alongside him on long haul flights liked a drink as much he did.

His vowels have best been described as classless, framed as they were in his native Cheshire, where he was a grammar school boy who learned his journalistic craft on local newspapers, rising to become a young editor.

It was this incomparable newspaper background which taught him the value of research and fact-checking.

He joined the BBC in Birmingham in 1954 as a news assistant and made his TV debut on Sportsview on May 6, 1954, the day Roger Bannister broke the four-minute mile.

During more than 40 years in broadcasting, he presented a range of top-rated shows, including Match of the Day and Grandstand, as well as fronting coverage of events such as the Grand National and BBC Sports Personality of the Year, and was awarded an OBE in 1992.

Colemanballs - the gaffes and one-liners importalised by the magazine Private Eye became part of his inimitable psyche. Many were legion. These are just a few:

"There you can see her parents- her father died some time ago."

"Don't tell those coming in the final result of that fantastic match, but let's just have another look at Italy's winning goal."

"For those of you watching who do not have television sets, live commentary is on Radio 2."

"That's the fastest time ever run, but it's not as fast as the world record."

"The Republic of China: back in the Olympic Games for the first time."

Colemanballs remains a popular feature in satirical magazine Private Eye to this day ©AmazonColemanballs remains a popular feature in satirical magazine Private Eye to this day ©Amazon

But he is always erroneously credited with one of the best-known. When the Cuban runner Alberto Juantorena "opened his legs and showed his class" it wasn't another Colemanballs but the words of his great friend the late, and also great, Ron Pickering.

Coleman covered six World Cups, his perceptive football commentaries and interviews conducted with a frankness sadly absent from those pundits who worship at its altar today, afraid of upsetting managers, sponsors or TV's own financial interests.

This was how he introduced highlights of the notorious "Battle of Santiago" between Chile and Italy in the 1962 World Cup:

"The most stupid, appalling disgusting and disgraceful exhibition of football possibly in the history of the game.

This the first time the two, countries have met .We hope it will be the last. "

He never shirked the difficult question. What a change from the cap-doffing microphone-thrusters of today timidly enquiring: "How pleased are you with that, Sir Alex?"

"One-nil!" and "Quite remarkable!" are two succinct sporting summaries with which we will always associate him.

David Coleman loved Question of Sport, which he appeared alongside the likes of Ian Botham and Bill Beaumont ©BBCDavid Coleman loved Question of Sport, which he appeared alongside the likes of England cricket and rugby captains Ian Botham and Bill Beaumont ©BBC

For all the historic occasions he covered, Coleman once told me that the most enjoyable phase of hs career was as the chuckling host of A Question of Sport, a role in which could relax and have fun.

This came after his final Olympics in Sydney, when he was clearly past his best. "But he was still better than anyone else," recalled one of his colleagues.

We have not heard His Master's Voice of sport for some years because a crippling illness confined much of his retirement to a wheelchair.

Towards the end, he was something of a recluse.

Despite his demanding demeanour he was not a vain man and made it clear he never wanted any fuss. He surely would have hated all the plaudits that have been penned or spoken about him these past few days,including this tribute from Lord Coe: "He was so incomparably better than anyone else. He brought cutting-edge journalism and gave some of the top administrators in sport a right going over, being brave in the way he did it."

If the IOC, like boxing, had a Hall of Fame with a media section, David Coleman certainly would be right up there on the rostrum, gold medal around his neck.

Simply the best.

And quite remarkable.

Alan Hubbard is a sports columnist for the The Independent on Sunday, and a former sports editor of The Observer. He has covered a total of 16 Summer and Winter Games, 10 Commonwealth Games